"All that is solid melts into air "is an academic book written by Marshall Berman. This book check the conflicting reason of social and economic modernization with modernism and social and economic modernization. Berman use Goethe's Faust as a literary interpretation of modernization, through the processes of dreaming, loving and developing. In the second section he uses Marxist texts to analyze the self-destructive nature of modernization. In the third section French poetry (especially Baudelaire) is used as model of modernist writing, followed by a selection of Russian literature (Pushkin, Dostoyevsky, Bely, Gogol and Mandelstam) in the fourth section. The book conclude蝴胡70魔刈斬寧9s with some notes on modernism in New York City during the 1960s and 1970s.
Steam engine
A steam engine is a reciprocating power machine that converts the energy of steam into mechanical work. The emergence of the steam engine has caused the 18th century industrial revolution. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, it was still the most important motive in the world, and later gradually gave way to internal combustion engines and turbines. The steam engine needs a boiler that boils water to produce high-pressure steam, which can use wood, coal, oil or natural gas or even as a heat source. Steam expansion drives the piston to work.
A steam engine is a heat engine capable of converting kinetic energy into work. Pumps, locomotives and modern ships have been driven by steam engines. The steam engine played a fundamental role in the industrial revolution. Today people also use steam turbine engines to generate electricity.
The invention of steam engine achievement in the industrial revolution, based on the improvement of the original Newcomb steam engine and changed the work of people's production methods, no longer rely on muscle strength and natural forces, since the opening of the industrial revolution kicked off. Later, on the basis of his invention, people through continuous efforts to introduce higher pressure steam, steam trains, steam ships quickly come out one after another. Cater to "All that is solid melts into the air" the hope of building a truly modern society, to boost the industrial production, to let the economic rising. At that time, industrial development is a action, movement of go to modern society to agriculture society.
Loom(textile machine)
Textile machine is the line, silk, hemp and other raw materials processed into silk after the fabric into the full name of the tool. Like spinning, spinning, spindle, pedal weaving machine, as well as modern mechanical loom, modern CNC automatic loom, etc.
Just like Steam engine, the invention of textile machine was a great help of boosting the develop of industry, boosting the develop of textile industry・Improve production efficiency, it will bring a very considerable profit，and reach the economic modernization，because of the effectiveness and quality of textile increase let textile industry economic growth。A new technology invented, it will stimulate the invention of another new technology，base on this idea，So that can be spinning more inexpensive yarn, then it will produce more demand for cotton, but also to improve the weaving technology has brought incentives. The technological innovation of every aspect of production will stimulate the corresponding links to constantly seek new technological innovations in order to meet the needs of new production efficiency, as is the chain reaction. Feedback to the conclusion "All that is solid melt into the air" It is possible to adapt to constant changes.
Steam locomotive
Steam locomotive is the use of steam engines, the fuel (general coal) chemical energy into heat, and then into mechanical energy, leaving the locomotive running a locomotive. In 1814, the British George Stephenson invented the first steam locomotive, since then, humans accelerated the pace of entering the industrial age, steam locomotive became the era of cultural and social progress of the important signs and key tools.
The background of invention Steam locomotive was the population of United Kingdom(England) was increasing, a modern transportation was a must, Steam locomotive caused to from manual labor to power machine production changes, it was a great improved to the transportation technology. However, there have a contradiction between modernization and modernity, such as Steam locomotive, although Steam locomotive is a great improvement of transportation technology, let the transportation more comfortable, but because the combustion of coal produced by the exhaust gas, which mainly contains acid rain caused by sulfur dioxide, and caused "greenhouse effect" of carbon dioxide, steam locomotive will influent the environment quality to a certain extent. The case of Steam locomotive just like the case that mention in "All that is solid melt into the air" "Progress is both the kind of thing that is always needed, and it is its own eternal despair!", Steam locomotive is a progress, but after progress, the things that we had sacrifice will let us despair.
Telegraph
Telegram is a kind of communication business, invented in the early 19th century, is the first to use electricity to communicate. The telegram greatly accelerated the circulation of the news, which was one of the important inventions of the industrial society. Early telegrams could only be used on land communications, and later used submarine cables, which were carried out. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the use of radio to send telegrams, telegraph service has basically been able to reach most parts of the earth. Telegraph is mainly used for the transmission of text messages, the use of telegraph technology used to send pictures called fax. With the widespread use of fax machines, telegraph machines are now declining.
Telegraph invention was changed to internet after that. The develop of telegraph original intention is use to send the message, and change to internet after that, the internet world is very wide, people will easy to meet the bad information, because of the bad information, let psychological and moral hazard are hide in the modern society because of modernization, those are the human beings can not control the dangerous signs of technology, this is also a case of contradiction between modernization and modernity.
Telegraph invention achieve the develop of internet, this is a great improve of technology, it is a good matter, but because the internet are popular nowadays, all people can go on to the internet, let internet hide a large amount of dangerous. This is a question that the improvement of internet, the invention of telegraph is a good matter or a bad matter, those benefit and harm are appear.
Lithography
Since the graphic portion on the lithographic printing plate is almost on the same plane as the non-graphic portion, at the time of printing, in order to enable the ink to distinguish the graphic portion or the non-graphic portion of the printing plate, The device supplies water to the non-graphic portion of the plate, thereby protecting the non-graphic portion of the plate from the wetting of the ink. Then, the ink is supplied to the printing plate by the ink supply means of the printing means. Since the non-graphic portion of the printing plate is protected by water, the ink can only be supplied to the graphic portion of the printing plate. Finally, the printing plate on the ink transferred to the blanket, and then use the rubber roller and impression cylinder between the pressure, the blanket on the ink transferred to the substrate to complete a printing, so lithography is a Indirect printing method.
Lithography appear was achieved print capitalism let print industry trend to commercialization, based on Karl Marx's "the bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the instruments of production" and lithography is the tool of the production of the bourgeoisie, to reform the print industry and survive. There is a surplus of urgency in the need to meet but not meet the needs of society; there is hunger in abundance; the bourgeoisie periodically destroys previously created productive forces. Facts show that large-scale technological changes have completely changed the Earth's surface and our relationship with nature. The appearance of lithography was kill the survive of translation print industry, like movable type printing, the appearance of lithography increase the speed of movable type printing, this is a anti-nature movement, distroy the nature relationship between lithography and movable type printing.
Steam ship
Steam steamer, steamer or steamer, steamer. The first steamer that could be used was launched in 1783. In 1807, Robert Fulton built a ship on the river, which also had a sail with a maximum speed of 4.5 knots (8.3 km / h). It was used as a ferry between New York and Albany.
The steam engine consists of three parts: a steam oven, a cylinder and a condenser. In the steam oven, the water is boiled into steam by the combustion process. Through the pipeline steam was sent to the cylinder. The valve controls the time the steam reaches the cylinder. Steam in the cylinder to push the piston work, cooling the steam through the pipeline was introduced into the condenser to re-condense into water. This process is repeated during the steam engine movement. The general steam engine has three cylinders to form a group. The steam engine directly converts the up and down movement of the piston into the rotary motion of the axle. This year's new steam engine also contains a small turbine, steam from the cylinder can also use its waste heat in the promotion of the turbine to improve the efficiency of the entire drive device. The turbine is also connected to the propeller shaft of the ship. Hyundai steamer's steam engine has other institutions to improve its efficiency. Often have multiple cylinders connected together. The steam is also fed into the next cylinder from a cylinder. The diameter of these cylinders is larger than the previous one. So that although the pressure of the steam decreases continuously after passing through a cylinder, the total force exerted on each piston is the same.
Steam vessels are fueled by wood, coal, fuel or nuclear power.
As same as steam locomotive, there also appear a contradiction between modernization and modernity that mention in "All that is solid melts into the air", Steam ship improve the develop of navigation，at the same time, Steam ship is distroy the environment based on the fuel which steam ship used is a uneco- friendly fuel.
Pully shuttle
was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. It allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics, and it could be mechanized, allowing for automatic machine looms. The flying shuttle was patented by John Kay (1704–c. 1779) in 1733.
The invention of Pully shuttle increase the rapid of textile, boost the production of textile and the common of textile industry and its production, increase the develop of textile industry, complement with the steam engine each other,
Phonograph
Is a machine that makes a sound a record. The sound is stored in an arc-shaped groove engraved on the plane of the vinyl record by acoustics. The phonograph was first demonstrated in 1888 by American inventor Bertliner (1851-1929), which later replaced the cylinder phonograph, because the record was easier to reproduce and reproduce more than most cylinders Recording media is long.
The invention of phonograph had influent film and television industry deeply, especially for the development of CD. The invention of phonograph is used to record sound, based on phonograph can save sound, let phonograph evolution to CD, the speech or music can play again and again when you want to listen. This movement had influent the music industry to a high level, to music modernization. Not only music, the invention of phonograph had also influent culture，civilization for a level of far reaching." All that is solid melts into the air" the hope of building a real modern society, element which mention above like culture, civilization those are the important element to build up a modern society.
Radio waves
Refers to the electromagnetic waves propagating in free space (including air and vacuum), and its wavelength is longer than infrared light (IR) on the electromagnetic spectrum. The frequency range is below 300 GHz and its corresponding wavelength range is 1 mm or more. Like other electromagnetic waves, the radio waves advance at the speed of light. Through lightning or astronomical objects, can produce natural radio waves. Radio waves generated by artificial, used in wireless communications, radio, radar, communications satellites, navigation systems, computer networks and other applications.
The invention of radio waves is one of the modernization invention, and this also is a invention which lead to modernization society. The invention of radio waves let information send, communicate to be more easier, achieve the technology of information communicate. Moreover the invention of radio waves achieved industry of information communicate, send, mainly is the broadcast industry like radio, television. On the other head, the invention of radio waves is benefit for the development of some industry like transportation, aviation
Verify the electromagnetic rotation and the principle of electric motor
Gasoline
Is a kind of volatile, flammable hydrocarbon mixture liquid which is fractionated or cracked from petroleum and cracked out and can be used as fuel. Gasoline, as used worldwide in the vast number of internal combustion engines used in transport and industry, has a significant impact on the environment, both in local effects (e.g., smog) and in global effects (e.g., effect on the climate). Gasoline may also enter the environment uncombusted, as liquid and as vapors, from leakage and handling during production, transport and delivery, from storage tanks, from spills, etc. As an example of efforts to control such leakage, many (underground) storage tanks are required to have extensive measures in place to detect and prevent such leaks.[citation needed] Gasoline contains benzene and other known carcinogens.[better source needed] Gasoline inhalation can produce an intense high, however the practice is thought to cause severe organ damage, including mental retardation.
Gasoline is a fuel that industrial raw fuel, the invention of gasoline push the development of the related industry, like aviation. Based on most of the industries machanized and some of the machanized industry appear after Industrial Rovolution, and gasoline is one of the important fuel to promote machine, so the market requirement of gasoline was large, this push gasoline production industry to became economic modernization, economic rising. Beside, the invention of gasoline encourage industry machanized.
Railway transport
Railway transport narrowly refers to a kind of land transport with a wheeled vehicle along the railway track to achieve the purpose of transporting passengers or cargo land transport. The generalized rail transport still includes maglev trains, cable cars, cableways, etc. are not used in the form of wheels, but still operate along a specific orbit.
Railway is a modern transportation system, railway bring the transportation system trend to modernization. The invent of railway accelerate flow of human and goods, its benefit to trading and increase the economy of different industry. "All that is solid melts into air" to built a modern society, and railway is a transport which must to have in modern society.
Car
Car also is a transportation which invented in industrial revolution, that is, with its own power to drive, do not have to track or cable, to drive the vehicle. Broadly speaking, with four or more vehicles, generally known as the car.
Like railway, car is a modern transport, it's convenient to use car to trading and transportant, car is a economic transportant, like other invention in industrial revolution, the invention of car also have contraction between modernization and modernism, like car will pollute the air based on some of the fuel like diesel is a harm fuel to environment. "All that is solid melts into air" the conflict between modernization and modernism can be used in car.